Violence Against Women Act Essays - Commerce Clause,

Violence Against Women Act The Violence Against Women Act creates a right to be "free from crimes of violence" that are gender motivated. It also gives a private civil right of action to the victims of these crimes. The Senate report attached to the act states that "Gender based crimes and fear of gender based crimes...reduces employment opportunities and consumer spending affecting interstate commerce." Sara Benenson has been abused by her husband, Andrew Benenson, since 1978. Because of this abuse, she sued her husband under various tort claims and violations under the Violence Against Women Act. Now Mr. Benenson is protesting the constitutionality of this act claiming that Congress has no right to pass a law that legislates for the common welfare. However, Congress has a clear Constitutional right to regulate interstate commerce. This act is based solely on interstate commerce and is thereforeConstitutional. Because of abuse, Sara Benenson was afraid to get a job because it would anger her husband. She was afraid to go back to school and she was afraid to go shopping or spend any money on her own. All three of these things clearly interfere and affect interstate commerce. Women like Mrs. Benenson are the reason the act was passed. There has been a long history of judgements in favor of Congress's power to legislate using the commerce clause as a justification. For the past fifty years, Congress's right to interpret the commerce clause has been unchallenged by the Court with few exceptions. There is no rational reason for this court to go against the powerful precedents set by the Supreme court to allow Congress to use the Commerce clause. In the case of Katzenbach v. McClung, the Court upheld an act of Congress which was based on the commerce clause, that prohibited segregation. McClung, the owner of a barbeque that would not allow blacks to eat inside the restaurant, claimed that his business was completely intrastate. He stated that his business had little or no out of state business and was therefore not subject to the act passed by Congress because it could not legislate intrastate commerce. The Court however, decided that because the restaurant received some of it's food from out of state that it was involved in interstate commerce. The same logic should be applied in this case. Even though Sara Benenson's inability to work might not seem to affect interstate commerce, it will in some way as with McClung, thus making the act constitutional. The Supreme Court had decided that any connection with interstate commerce,as long as it has a rational basis, makes it possible for Congress to legislate it. In the United States v. Lopez decision, The Supreme Court struck down the Gun Free School Zones Act. It's reasoning was that Congress had overstepped it's power to legislate interstate commerce. The Court decided that this act was not sufficiently grounded in interstate commerce for Congress to be allowed to pass it. The circumstances in this case are entirely different than in the case of Sara Benenson. For one thing, the Gun Free School Zones Act was not nearly as well based in the commerce clause as is our case. The Gun act said that violence in schools kept student from learning and therefore limited their future earning power. It also said that violence affected national insurance companies. These connections are tenuous at best and generally too long term to be considered. However, in the case of Mrs. Benenson, her inability to work and spend directly and immediately affected interstate commerce. Therefore, the Lopez decision should not have any part in the decision of this case. The Supreme Court, in McCulloch v. Maryland, gave Congress the right to make laws that are out of their strict Constitutional powers so as to be able to fulfill one of their Constitutional duties. In this case, the Court allowed the federal government to create a bank. There is no Constitutional right to do this and Maryland challenged the creation of this bank. The high court ruled that in order for Congress to be able to accomplish it's duties. The same logic should be applied here. The Violence Against Women Act is an example of Congress overstepping it's direct

Japanese monetary policy Essays

Japanese monetary policy Essays Japanese monetary policy Essay Japanese monetary policy Essay Japanese monetary policy BY x51 lt9 The rather poor economic performance of Japan since the early 1990s provided inspiration to US and I-JK policy makers in how they addressed the 2007 financial crisis. How did US and I-JK policy makers respond to the 2007 financial crisis in a way that was different to the response in Japan? This part of the question would benefit from quantitative evidence. There are several similarities between the Japanese financial crisis of the 1990s and the global financial crisis that started in 2008. Countries like the US and the I-JK ealized this and have studied the measures that were taken by the Japanese central bank (Bank of Japan) at the time in order to learn from it. Measures that proved to be effective have been taken into account and are currently being applied in adapted forms by the Federal Reserve (the US central bank) and the Bank of England (the British central bank). In order to understand these measures, a brief recapitulation of Japans crisis will be given first in this paper. Subsequently, a comparison will be made with US and UK policies in order to analyze the differences and similarities. In the three decades following 1960 Japan achieved a rapid economic growth. Euphoria about the economic prospects started to break out due to the long period of excellent economic growth rates, which is referred to as the Japanese post-war economic miracle. In the 1980s overconfident institutions, firms and citizens started massive borrowing and aggressive speculation, which caused the economy to overheat. A bubble was created in the stock exchange and in the real estate market, which came to burst at the beginning of the 1990s. The resulting negative wealth ffect caused the Japanese people to cut their expenditure and increase savings. People had no trust anymore in the banks, which had turned into zombie banks due to the large amount of non-performing assets on their balance sheets (toxic debt), and therefore they kept their savings outside the banking system. Dropping sales (due to increased saving) resulted in Job losses, which in turn led to even more saving and less spending. By this way the Japan provisionally saved itself into a recession. The Bank of Japan first reacted to the recession with conventional monetary policy. They reduced interest rates in order to stimulate the economy. However, due to the collapse of asset prices, the insolvency of banks and firms and the refusal of Japanese consumers to spend their income, the Japanese economy slipped into deflation from 1998. The deflation worked as an incentive for the Japanese people to save even more and spend even less, since saving yields a positive return when there is deflation. The Bank of Japan responded by further lowering the interest rate to (close to) 0%. Because of the deflation however, the real interest rate was still positive and people continued to save. Since the interest rate could not be dropped below 0% the Bank of Japan reached a state of monetary policy impotence, see fgure 4. FIGURE 4 Janese Interest Rate (Benchmark Interest Rate) Japan also suffered from fiscal policy impotence. Neither significantly increasing government expenditure nor dropping taxes was possible to stimulate the economy. The first because Japan did not have the funds (they were in debt) and the latter because the conservative and risk averse Japanese citizens were very likely to save tax cuts instead of spending them. For a long time, the Bank of Japan believed that economic growth and recovery of sset prices would bring things back to normal over time. Their efforts were focused on prevention of bank failures and collapse of the financial system and not on active recovery. The zombie banks, which were for a large part responsible for all the misery, were implicitly protected. Accounting rules were relaxed, so that banks got the opportunity to conceal their financial trouble. There was no public support for any form of financial bailout that would solve problems on a more structural basis and throughout the 90s the financial institutions continued to muddle along. This eriod is known as the lost decade (Vollmer Bebenroth, 2012). In the early 2000s the Bank of Japan tried a different approach. They came with an important policy innovation, called quantitative easing. Under the quantitative easing program the Bank of Japan started to increase the monetary base, in order to flood the banks with liquidity. The idea was that the banks could lend this newly created money to households and firms and that this would lead to an increase in consumption expenditure and investments. In addition to the quantitative easing, the bank of Japan also broke with their revious policy of regulatory forbearance. They implemented a series of accounting reforms that made it more difficult for banks to conceal their bad loans. By making the financial sector balance sheets more transparent the bad debt problem was emphasized and it became clear that the accumulation of non-performing loans had to be curbed. A certain degree of public support for recapitalization was secured, which made it politically possible to inject public money in the financial sector (Lipscy Takinamt, 2013). These unconventional policy measures seemed to assort effect. After a long period of rial and error and policy experimentation, the Japanese managed to turn the tide and modest economic growth was recorded until the global financial crisis kicked in in 2008. Although the growth fgures had not been fantastic, the Japanese gain and loss during anti-crisis were noticed by UK and US policymakers. In their view, the Japanese experience had highlighted what policy actions should be taken or avoided to deal with a financial crisis. Basically, the reaction that followed from the UK and the US to the 2008 financial crisis is fourfold: interest rate cuts, quantitative easing, bank bailouts and change of hese actions much faster and more determined than Japan however. For the interest rate cuts and the quantitative easing, this is greatly illustrated in the fgures below(See figure 5 and 6). FIGURE 5 United States Interest Rate 2007-2012 (Benchmark Interest Rate) Source from: tradingeconomics. com FIGURE 6 United Kingdom Interest Rate (Benchmark Interest Rate) Where Japan had reduced interest rates gradually, the US and the I-JK took relative much sharper cuts. Also, they introduced quantitative easing on a much larger scale. As can be seen from the expansion in outstanding balances at the central bank, the onetary base was increased to a much larger extent (See Figure 7). FIGURE 7 central sank Balance Sheets (US, UK AND JAPAN) Source from: (Philips, 2013 ) Another lesson learnt from Japan was that you should not let toxic debt create zombie banks. Both the US and the I-JK immediately injected massive amounts of public funds into large commercial banks when they ran the risk to fail. To Justify these bail outs to the public, great transparency of the financial sector balance sheets was sought after, for instance by doing stress tests. Also, the Japanese case was frequently referenced to in order to secure public support. The public resentment against the irresponsible and risky behavior of financial institutions that caused the financial crisis, has contributed to a change in regulations. These will continue to change, since the debate about acceptable risks, supervisory authorities and banks that are too big to fail is still ongoing. If the evolving regulations, combined with the measures that were first introduced in Japans financial crisis of the 1990s, will be the way out of the crisis remains to be seen (See Figure 8). Monetary policy in Japan and the United States Source from: (Lipscy Takinami, 2013)

The Leader's role in effective governance of organisations Essay

The Leader's role in effective governance of organisations - Essay Example Among humans leaders appear in a variety of roles and include politics, business, religion, and other social factors. In such a scenario, absence of effective leadership will eventually lead to the destruction or at least decay in a group or society. Due to their superior intelligence, many styles and forms of leadership have evolved in the world of humans. This has also resulted in leadership being the subject of study by various scholars and theorists over a period of time. This paper is a study of leadership and corporate responsibility in business organizations and will look at a broad range of features, factors, and issues with regard to its influence in an organizational setting. Corporate governance is of great importance and focus in the world of business today. Undoubtedly, it has become one of the hot topics for writers and academicians. However, there is no consensus as to what constitutes CG. An academic paper points out, in this context that â€Å"Most academics, business professionals, and lay observers would agree that CG is defined as the general set of customs, regulations, habits, and laws that determine to what end a firm should be run. Much more fraught, however, is the question: â€Å"what defines good corporate governance†Ã‚  (Corporate Governance, 2006)?  Corporations unlike its smaller counterparts like sole proprietorships, partnerships, and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are much larger and hence more complex to govern. Even though no owner or partner can avoid the concept of good governance, the consequences of a smaller firm being unsuccessful due to poor practices is much lower when compared to larger corporations. One o f the main reasons is that the number of stakeholders who are affected is comparatively huge in the case of corporations. In this case, the stakeholders are comprised of the employees, the shareholders, the local governing bodies, the creditors, other contractual partners, any

Colonialism gave nothing to Africa,expect poverty,famine, disease and Essay

Colonialism gave nothing to Africa,expect poverty,famine, disease and underdevelopment. Discuss - Essay Example The past has been so tragic that the future looks hopeless. Undeniably, the only known fact of African development for the foreseeable future is that underdevelopment and poverty will increase and intensify. The hallmarks of underdevelopment in Africa have been the increase in slums, stagnating agricultural production, widening elite mass gap, increase in diseases, foreign debt, and balance of payments deficit. Underdevelopment scholars have contended that the underemployment of human and natural resources and insufficient development was acquired by African nations as a result of historical circumstances such as colonialism, neo-colonialism and slavery. Colonial history of exploitation and extraction has been attributed the continent’s current status. Boahen (1987: 89) notes that there is no doubt that a huge amount of structural attributes of the process of economic underdevelopment has historical roots that go back to past colonial times. Experimental studies have confirmed that there is a connection between a nation’s past colonial experience and its current level of economic development. According to Cooper (2002: 76), colonization of African nations applied a direct effect on the post-colonial arrays of growth and human and physical capital build-up. This paper will focus on underdevelopment and poverty in Africa providing an account of the ancient roots of Africa’s underdevelopment. It will focus on the period before and during colonialism, and the effects of European colonialism on the development of the region. During the pre-colonial period, African nations had well-established laws, customs, ethics, conventions and rituals, which were particularly effective in resolving issues and conflicts both within and outside the community. These institutions were fruitful in overpowering numerous forms of predatory or rent-seeking behaviour (Boahen, 1987: 91). Rent-seeking behaviours are those acts of exploiting the political process in

Application for Family Nurse Practioner at UAB Essay

Application for Family Nurse Practioner at UAB - Essay Example The paper tells that it is the researcher’s optimum choice as the college guarantees him highly effective classes online whereby the author can continue his present job while continuing with contact classes. The conditions at my home were not favorable to me to choose a full-time course in the nursing degree with a huge responsibility to provide constant medical and emotional attention to the researcher’s ailing father. It was during those days the author got a clinical assistant’s position in a nursing home on the basis of the researcher’s life science intermediate course and the experience the author had from nursing the researcher’s people at home. The researcher learned that the UAB is fabulous as a center for nursing studies and a perfect platform for his career development through campus selections by different employers. The researcher knows, pursuing graduation in family practice nursing is a big task ahead, and he should be aware of employm ent opportunities thereafter. The researcher has read in several journals and books that the trend of clinical nursing is diverted on many occasions to specifically designed nursing homes which are usually attached to a major hospital. As Choby points out, the professional approach in handling the requirements of patients and their home care becomes an organized labor similar to large hospitals; and as a general tendency, many hospitals offer residential facility for patients unable to remain at home due to severe symptoms or choice of the patient. In the circumstances where hospitals facilitate residence for inpatients, the job of the nurse expands from clinical care to various aspects of patients’ health at home. After the bachelor’s program, the author is really enthusiastic about pursuing the Master’s in palliative care in the family practice nursing in this University.

Business Cycle Synchronization in Latin America

Business Cycle Synchronization in Latin America Business cycles synchronization in Latin America:  A TVTPMS Approach Introduction: Over the last decades, there has been a growing interest in the business cycle transmissions among countries and interdependencies. The design of regional co-operations and integrations, such as Mercosur or Latin America countries, has the purpose to reduce poverty, amplify society welfare and enhance macroeconomic stability. However, it is crucial to understand the influence of regional integration and the role of external factors on regional business cycle synchronization. Fiess (†¦..) find that a relatively low degree of business cycle synchronization within Central America as well as between Central America and the United States. Grigoli (2009) analyzed the causation relations among business activities of the Mercosur countries to determine which cycles are dependent on others, considering trade intensity, trade structure and the influences of the EU and US as well. He find some causation relations among the South-American countries; however, the EU and US do not play a relevant role in determining the fluctuations of their cycles. Gutierrez and Gomes (†¦..) use the Beveridge-Nelson-Stock-Watson multivariate trend-cycle decomposition model to estimate a common trend and common cycle. Aiolfi et al. (2010) identify a sizeable common component in the LA countries’ business cycles, suggesting the existence of a regional cycle Caporale and Girardi (2012) show that the LA region as a whole is largely dependent on external developments and the trade channel appears to be the most important source of business cycle co-movement. They report that the business cycle of the individual LA countries appears to be influenced by country-specific, regional and external shocks in a very heterogenous way. In order to investigate the degree of synchronization of the business cycles among the six major LA economies[1] (namely, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela) as a whole, we consider the presence of a regional cycle by estimating the common growth cycle with the aim of testing its effect on each country-specific cycle. Besides this introduction, this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 contains the model and describes the data. Section 3 presents the empirical results and finally, section 4 concludes. Data and Methodology : We use quarterly data of the real GDP growth rate of the LAC countries, extracted from Penn World Table , namely †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦, covering the period from the first quarter of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ to the last quarter of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We focus on whether the economic activity in the LAC countries is driven by a joint business cycle. We first look at the engine of growth lies within the LA countries. We therefore firstly begin by studying the existence of a common cycle among the economies studied. Second, we attempt to find the influence of a common factor referred to as the LAC’s business cycle extracted from the estimation of a dynamic common factor model. We employ a measure of business cycles synchronization based on Hamilton’s (1989) original Markov-switching model and the time– varying Markov–switching model developed by Filardo (1994) and reconsidered recently by Kim et al. (2008) to investigate the regional common factor in dating the regional business cycles. This study analyzes whether the synchronization pattern of business cycles in a country has systematically changed with the expansion or recession phases of regional business cycle. In this context, we assumed business cycles in a particular country are driven by regional cycles proxied by the common dynamic factor in real GDP growth of the LA countries, thus we use a dynamic factor model to extract the regional cycle. The main interest of the analysis is that a latent dynamic factor drives the co-movement of a high-dimensional vector of time-series variables which is also affected by a vector of mean-zero idiosyncratic disturbances, ÃŽ µt (Stock, 2010) . The common factors are assumed to follow a first-order autoregressive process. This linear state-space model can be written as follows: (1) (2) where L1,t,†¦,Lk,t are common to all the series, ÃŽ µ and ÃŽ · are independent Gaussian white noise terms. The L matrix of factor loadings measures the instantaneous impact of the common factors on each series. There are two growth phases or regimes with a transition between them governed by a time-varying transition probability matrix. The advantage of such a model is that the regimes can be easily interpreted as regimes of recession and expansion. The estimated equation is the following[2]: , (3) where and The endogenous variable, yt (the real growth rate in a given country at time t) is assumed to visit the two states of a hidden variable, st, that follows a first-order Markov chain, over the T observations[3]. ÃŽ ¼st, ÏÆ', à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ are real coefficients to be estimated. Denoting zt the leading variable (the regional common factor at time t), we want to know whether zt causes yt+k, k= 1,2, †¦.Under the assumption that both y and z have ergodic distributions, we define the following transition probability functions: (4) where and are elements of the following transition probability matrix: (5) with Pij the probability of switching from regime j at time t − 1 to regime i at time t and i, j =1, 2 with for all i,j∈{1,2. k is a lag. In order to estimate the coefficients of equation (1), we need to maximize the log-likelihood of the unconditional density function of yt: (6) The unconditional density function is the product of the conditional density function and the unconditional probability of st. This is written as[4]: (7) Transition probabilities indicate that the states of expansion and recession are equally persistent, and this persistency is very strong. These probabilities aim to provide information about the likelihood of staying or switching from a given regime of k periods after a regime change in z. If the estimate of ÃŽ ¼1 is positive and ÃŽ ¼2 is negative, then regime 1 can be interpreted as one of expansion and regime 2 as one of contraction. Furthermore, assume that in eq. (†¦) ÃŽ ³1,2 is positive. This indicates that while any increase in leading indicator (z) increases P11, probability that y stays in regime 1, any decrease in z increases 1-P11, probability that y switches from regime 1 k periods later; that is, an expansion (recession) in z leads to an expansion (recession) in another country. Similarly, a negative ÃŽ ³1,2 means that an expansion in z leads to a recession in another country. Additionally, a negative ÃŽ ³2,2 means that any decrease (increase) in leading indicator in creases the probability of staying in regime 2 (switching from regime 2). If both ÃŽ ³1,2 and ÃŽ ³2,2 are insignificant, this would mean that there is no statistically meaningful impact of the occurrence of expansions or recessions in a leading market on the growth regime of the other markets[5]. Empirical Results Fig. 1 refers to the common factor, i.e. the regional growth cycle of the Latin America countries. As we can see, the common factor easily captures the well-known common features of the LA business cycle such as the 1994–95 Mexican crisis and the Tequila crisis. To test the hypothesis of a joint business cycle in the LA, we estimate the TVTPMS model given by Eqs. (1) and (2) with the variable z referring to the common factor (regional cycle). Fig. 1. Common factor in real GDP growth of the Latin America countries The estimation results for the regional cycle as leading variable are reported in Table 1. We find significantly positive ÃŽ ¼1 and negative ÃŽ ¼2 which correspond to a situation of distinct expansion and contraction regimes. Our main findings are based on the significance of the estimated coefficients ÃŽ ³1,2 and ÃŽ ³2,2. When looking at the significance of the coefficient ÃŽ ³1,2 , it is found that the common factor exerts direct effects on Mexico and Venezuela, implying that a high growth rate in regional cycle is informative of GDP expansion phases in these countries. That is, an expansion in common factor increases the probability that Mexico and Venezuela will continue to evolve in an expansion regime (i.e. P11). However, we see that ÃŽ ³2,2 is never significant for these countries. This suggests that the regional cycle can never be considered as a leading indicator of the future state of the cycle in Mexico and Venezuela when they are already in the contraction regime (i.e. P2 2 and P1-22). Conversely, our results show that regional cycle is sensitive to economic fluctuations in Colombia, Chile and Brazil because ÃŽ ³2,2 is significant, thereby implying that any change in regional factor does help predict whether these economies will stay into or escape from contractions. Table 1 Estimation results for the regional cycle as leading variable. The numbers in bold indicate that a high growth rate in Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Chile, and the Brail has an impact on the expansion and recession phases of the regional cycle. The evidence presented here indicates that Latin America countries’ increasing economic interdependence has strengthened both interregional business cycles synchronization. A regional cycle could provide significant informational content in predicting the future state of Mexico and Venezuela only when they are already into the expansionary state and the future state of Colombia, Chile and Mexico when they are already in the contraction regime. That is, the high level of integration reached within the region has enabled Mexico and Venezuela to emerge as a pole of economic growth where their business cycles are mutually reinforced during expansions. In other words, while this increasing economic interdependence tends to strengthen output co-movements when these countries are already in the expansionary state, the shift from contractions to recovery, opposed to Colombia, Chile and Mexico, do not depend on the recovery in other countries. For Argentina, both ÃŽ ³1,2 and ÃŽ ³2,2 is insignificant, implying any change in the regional cycle regional cycle is not sensitive to economic fluctuations in this country. Conclusion The papers other main finding is that a regional cycle could provide significant informational content in predicting the future state of the five of the largest Latin American economies—Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, and Mexico. However, the amplitude and duration of the business cycle are asymmetric, indicating that nonlinearities are important in the growth process. Thus, since the Latin America countries’ business cycles are well-tied together through a regional cycle, the costs of joining a monetary union would be reduced if a deeper regional economic cooperation, including intra-exchange rate stability and macroeconomic policy coordination, before turning on to a full-fledged monetary union. Since the Latin American economies have historically been highly dependent globalization process and demand from outside trading partners it would be interesting repeating a similar exercise with interest rates and cyclical output in advanced countries. References Hamilton, J.D., 1989. A new approach to the economic analysis of nonstationary time  series and the business cycle. Econometrica 57, 357–384. Filardo, A.J., 1994. Business cycle phases and their transitional dynamics. J. Bus. Econ. Stat.  12, 299–308. [1] These countries have accounted for some 70 percent of the region’s GDP over the past half century (Maddison, 2003, pp. 134–140) [2] The lag structure has been tested with standard AIC, HQ and SC criteria. [3] The occurrence of a regime is referred by a variable st that takes two values: 1 if the observed regime is 1 and 2 if it is regime 2 [4] The lags in the model are chosen using the Akaike information criterion. Moreover, we perform the Ljung–Box (LB) test to check that there is no residual autocorrelation [5] In this case, The TVPMS model converges to the Hamilton fixed probability model

People Accused Of Violent Crimes Should Not Be Allowed To Post Bail :: essays research papers

People Accused of Violent Crimes Should Not Be Allowed To Post Bail People accused of violent crimes should not be allowed to post bail and remain out of jail while their trial is pending. There are many reasons to why I strongly agree with this statement. Many factors are unknown to the public without conducting some sort of extensive research. Whether it is simply reading in the paper about pending trials, or as complicated as researching previous trials. Bail is decided by a judge, and their lives are devoted to handling these types of decisions. There are three solid reasons to why I feel it is necessary to deny bail to those accused of violent crimes. One is that all conditions for release are decided by a judge who is fully aware of the circumstances. Another is that these defendants, since being arrested, should be considered a threat to public safety. My last, and final, reason is that my rationale strongly agrees with denial of bail to the accused.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Nebraska, as written in the Statutes of Nebraska, bail is granted after a judge takes into account the nature and circumstances of the offense charged. This judge looks at the defendants family ties, employment, financial resources, character and mentality, having resided in the community, conviction records, and record of court appearances or of flight to avoid prosecution or failure to appear. A judge, when deciding if bail is to be granted, does not just flip a coin to decide. He or she looks at all aspects of the situation. It all rests in the judge's hands. When a judge looks at a person accused of a violent crime, such as murder, a few things are liable to pop into perspective. One would be to how violent and detrimental the accusations are. Any rational thinking person would realize that if arrested, they are in suspicion. Therefore, a state appointed judge is also going to realize that this person must be a threat, especially if accused of a violent crime. It does not violate the accused rights, because once under arrest, their rights are strictly defined as what the judge's final decision is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This leads me to my next point, that these accused people are a threat. The purpose of bail, as defined by the Nebraska Statute, is to ensure that the defendant will show at the trial. I researched a case where this was strongly considered. Brian Mase is accused of shooting and killing John Boyer, after Boyer refused to leave Mase's home. They were in a fight over a stolen watch.